TURIN INTERNATIONAL BOOK FAIR (ITALY)

While the Frankfurt Book Fair is the largest book fair in the world, the Turin International Book Fair, defined as the "record-breaking fair," has the most visitors each time it held. The 2010 Turin International Book Fair recorded 315,013 visitors - 7,353 more visitors compared to 307,650 in 2009.

The Turin International Book Fair, or Salone Internazionale del Libro Torino, was founded in 1988 inspired by an idea by two Torinesi: the bookseller Angelo Pezzana and the entrepreneur Guido Accornero. The fair was held at Torino Esposizioni. With the first 100,000 visitors, 3,600 professionals, 958 teachers, and 553 exhibitors, The Salone immidiately became a destination of great authors and publishers.

HOWL'S MOVING CASTLE

If you're into anime films, you're probably familiar with Hayao Miyazaki, a Japanese manga artist, film director and animator well-known for his works with Studio Ghibi. One of his anime feature films is the 2004 Hauru no Ugoku Shiro, which follows the adventure of an 18-years-old hat maker named Sophie, who is turned into a 90-year-old woman by a witch, and her search for a way to lift the curse. Hanuru no Ugoku Shiro became a box office in Japan and was nonimated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.

The anime was loosely adapted from a teenage fantasy book by Diana Wynn Jones titled Howl's Moving Castle, first published in 1986. The book won a Boston-Horn Book Award.

WAR OF THE ROSES

These wars were a series of civil wars which took place in England from 1455-1487 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York to fight for the throne of England. The name was taken from the badges used by the two parties: The red rose for the Lancastrians and the white rose for the Yorkists. The war ended with the victory for the Lancastrians. Then Henry Tudor, the founder of the House of Tudor, became the King of England and Wales. The house ruled England and Wales for 116 years.

FLOWER POWER

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as an action to protest the Vietnam War, the Flower Power slogan was a symbol of non violence ideology used by hippies, aka the Flower Generation or Flower Children, as indicated, wore clothes in flower patterns and vibrant colors. The followers of this ideology made symbolic gestures such as giving flower to police officers and putting flowers into the barrels of rifles. Check out this gesture in the Pulitzer-nominated phothograph by Bernie Boston.

PRESENT PERFECT

Lesson Topic: Using The Present Perfect.

There are times when you are talking about an event in the past, but

you don't know when it happened, you don't care when it happened, or the time when it happened is a secret.

When talking about past events AND the time is unimportant, unknown, or a secret, the present perfect is a good tense to use. What is the present perfect? Here is an example:

I have visited 56 countries.

How is this grammar formed? It is formed with the following words:

I have visited 56 countries. subject + have or has + past participle

The past participle and the simple past are sometimes the same. Sometimes they are different. For the word visited, the simple past and the past participle are the same. If the simple past and past participle are different, they are usually irregular verb

The present perfect can give a starting time or an amount of time only if you use the words since and for. When using these words, the sentence usually means that the action is continuing. If you do not use since or for, the sentence means the action is finished, and it may or may not continue in the future. Take a look at these examples:

I have smoked. I have smoked for 12 years. NOT SURE it continues SURE it continues Meaning: The person smoked in the past (we don't know when), and he/she may still smoke, but we do not know. Meaning: The person started to smoke 12 years ago, and he/she still smokes.

Therefore, when the present perfect sentence does not have since or for, we do not know if it is still continuing.

So, the present perfect is used for one of the following two reasons:

1. When the time is unimportant, unknown, or a secret. OR 2. If the time is known and the action is continuing (for or since are used in this situation).

Some verbs are NOT used with for or since because they do not have any length of time. The following is a list of some verbs that can be used in the present perfect when the time is unimportant, unknown, or a secret. These words very rarely use for or since because they do not have a length of time. In other words, the following actions occur, but then almost immediately do not continue; they do not have a length of time. Therefore, they do not use for or since.

start arrive begin meet end leave stop

Here is an example of what we mean:

CORRECT We have begun the test. INCORRECT We have begun the test since yesterday.

The first sentence is correct because it does not use since or for. Begin (begun) does not have a length of time. After a few seconds, it is over; you cannot continuously begin the same test.

Some of you may know the present perfect progressive. If you do, then you may want to know what the difference is. For example,

present perfect I have worked here since 1977 OR present perfect progressive I have been working here since 1977.

Actually, there is little or no difference between these two sentences. You may want to know when to use the present perfect and when to use the present perfect progressive. We will continue this topic in our next lesson, but for now, remember this: the present perfect progressive almost always means it started in the past and is continuing; the present perfect means the action is continuing only if it uses since or for (otherwise, we are unsure if it is continuing). For example,

I have lived in Iran. Not sure if this person still lives in Iran; the time is also unknown. I have lived in Iran since 1997. We are sure this person still lives in Iran; we also know the time. I have been living in Iran since 1997. We are sure this person still lives in Iran; we also know the time.

The second and third sentences above have identical meanings. The first and second sentences have (potentially) different meanings even though they look almost the same.

SMART MOM

A mother was walking with her four-year-old daughter picked up something off the ground and started to put it into her mouth. the mother stopped her and said she shouldn't do that. " Why?" asked the little girl. " Because it's dirty. It's been on the ground. You don't know where it's been. It probably has germs." The little girl looked up at her mom with admiration and asked if how i knew so much?. Thinking quickly, the mother said, " All moms know so much. We have to. It's on the Mommy Test. If you don't know it, you don't get to be a mommy." The little girl thought about what her mom just said for a minute. Then her face brightened. " I get it!" she said. "if you don't pass the test, you get to be a daddy!".

5 SENTANCE FROM DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Present simple
She said, "It's cold."

› Past simple
She said it was cold.

Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."

› Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."

› Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."

› Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."

› Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.